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Counterfactual Explanations without Opening the Black Box: Automated Decisions and the GDPR

  • Authors: Sandra Wachter, Brent Mittelstadt, Chris Russell
  • Year: 2017
  • Summary: This paper proposes counterfactual explanations as a way to explain automated decisions. A counterfactual explanation describes the smallest change to the world (input features) that would produce a different outcome. For example, "You would have gotten the loan if your income was $10,000 higher." This is intuitive for humans and provides actionable recourse.
  • Link: https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.00399